English Grammar for class 1to 5.

🔹Basic English Grammar

🔸Grammar

"study or science of rules for forming words and combining them into sentences" or "a set of rules about a language" is called grammar.

🔸Language

"a system of sounds, patterns, etc used by human beings to communicate thoughts and feelings" or "a system of conversational, spoken or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, communicate" is called Language.

🔸Alphabets

"a set of letters, or symbols in a fixed order, used when written a language"

🔸Letters

Letters means written or printed signs representing sounds used in speech.

For example, A, N,H,J, etc are letters.

🔸Vowel

A speech-sound made without audible stopping of the breath by tongue or lips is called vowel.

"a, e, i, o, u" are vowel letters.

🔸Consonant

A speech-sound made by completely or partially obstructing the air being breathed out through the mouth is called a consonant.

For example, p, b, k, d, t etc are consonants.

🔸Diphthong

Union of two vowel sounds or vowel letters is called a diphthong. For example, the words oil, type, shy, joy have diphthong sounds.

🔸Word

"sound or combination of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent unit of the grammar or vocabulary of a language" is called word. For example, play, I, me etc are words.

In almost all of the words, there are three things in common.

i. Combination of letters or sometimes a single letter (I,a)

ii. Proper order of the letters

iii. Meaningfulness

🔸Syllable

Syllable means the division of a word into smaller units having a vowel, or a vowel and a consonant, or a vowel and two consonants or a vowel and a consonant blend.

For example, I, am, hat, ask etc.

'I' is a vowel

'am' a vowel and a consonant

'hat' a consonant, a vowel and a consonant

'ask' a vowel and a consonant blend. Words may be:

¤ mono-syllable or one-syllable words

tall, short, cold, an, match etc.

¤ bi"syllable or two-syllable words

beauty, taller, handsome etc.

¤ poly-syllable words

beautiful, university, commercialization etc.

🔸Phrase

I saw many students in the class. In this example,

"in the class" is a phrase. It has the following characteristics.

a. Combinition or grouping of words

b. No verb

c. Makes a part of the sentence

Thus, phrase is the grouping or combination of words having no verb and it makes a part of the sentence.

🔸Clause

Clause is the combination or grouping of words having a subject and a verb and it makes a part of the sentence.

For example,

If you study hard, you can get success.

This is a sentence. In this sentence, there are two parts

i. If you study hard

ii. You can get success

Both are clauses.

A clause has the following characteristics;

a. Combinations or grouping of words

b. Has a subject and a verb

c. Makes a part of the sentence

🔸Sentence

Study the following example.

"Ahmad speaks English very wel".

This is a sentence. It has the following characteristics:

a. Combination or grouping of words

b. Has a subject and a verb

c. Must give complete sense or meaning

Thus, sentence is the combination or grouping of words having a subject and a verb and must give a complete sense or meaning.

🔸Noun

The definition of a noun is simple: A noun is a person, a place, a thing, an idea, a quality or an activity.

The word noun comes from the Latin word nomen that means 'name'.

For example:

Person: boy, girl, doctor, Tom

Place: city, France, street, home

Thing: computer, apple, money, glass

Idea: love, emotion, beauty

Activity or quality: justice, beauty

Read the following sentences.

A. Ahmad is a teacher. (Ahmad is a person)

B. Lahore is a big city. (Lahore is a place)

C. Chair is used to sit in. (Chair is a thing)

D. Joy is a rare episode in life. (Joy is an idea)

E. Justice is light. (Justice is a quality/activity)

In the above sentences Ahmad, Lahore, Chair, Joy, Justice are nouns.

The problem is that some words can have the same form for different parts of speech. For example, the word love can be a noun or a verb. 

Here are three ways to recognize a noun 

1. Word ending

There are some word endings (suffixes) that help show what part of speech a word is

er - player

ness - happiness

ment - government

dom - freedom

ship - friendship

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2. Position in a sentence

We often use nouns after determiners. (a determiner is a word such as 'a', 'the' 'this', 'my', 'some' etc. that shows how the noun is being used)

a book

the newspaper

my friend

that film

a few photos

We often use nouns after adjectives.

a big house

red wine

my small dog

many difficult exercises

a beautiful white flower

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3. Function in a sentence

Nouns can have any of the following three functions.

Subject of a verb: Doctors work very long hours.

Object of a verb: I am painting the walls.

Object of a preposition: They met on a flight.

Note that a pronoun or a noun phrase can also be the subject or object in a sentence.

Nouns are of five basic kinds. These are:

1. Proper noun

2. Common noun 

3. Material or concrete noun

4.Abstract noun

5. Collective noun

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