🔹Noun🔹
Noun is a name of a person, place or a thing or an idea. It is also called as naming word.
For Example
1. The car hits a boy.
Car and boy are nouns.
2. Ali is sleeping.
Ali is a noun.
🔹🔹TYPES OF NOUN🔹🔹
There are *12* types of noun. Names are given below
1. Common Noun
2. Proper Noun
3. Collective Noun
4. Countable Noun
5. Uncountable Noun
6. Abstract Noun
7. Concrete Noun / Material Noun
8. Number Noun
9. Verbal Noun
10. Gender Specific Noun
11. Compound Noun
12. Gerund
1. Common Noun
A name of a general thing, person or place is called common noun.
For Example
City, Boy, Girl, Country, Flower, Book, Month, Day, Year, Time
2. Proper Noun
A name of a specific person, place or thing is called proper noun.
For Example
Islamabad, Ali, Amna, Pakistan, Jasmine, Rose, Holy Book, January, Sunday, 2018,
10 O’clock.
3. Collective Noun
A set of things, places and persons is called collective noun. A noun that denotes a group of individuals, items, things etc.
For Example
School is a set of students and teachers, Library is set of books and Furniture is set of wood items as like chair, table, bed, cupboard etc.
4. Countable Noun
Nouns which can be counted are called countable noun.
For Example
Table, Book, Pen, etc. We can count them as 3 tables, 2 books and 10 pens.
5. Uncountable Noun
Nouns which can not be counted are called uncountable noun.
For Example
Water, Rain, Milk, Flood, Sand, Air, Happiness etc.
6. Abstract Noun
A noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object. These nouns don’t have any physical existence. They refer to ideas, emotions and concepts, which we can’t see, touch, hear, smell or taste, just we can feel them.
For Example
Wisdom, Truth, Honesty, Love, Hate, Goodness, Wickedness, Danger and happiness.
7. Concrete or Material Noun
A noun denoting a material object rather than an abstract quality, state, or action, opposite to an abstract noun is called concrete or material noun. We can see, touch, hear, smell and taste them. A noun, which stands for some material, from which other things can be made.
For Example
Mountain, Flower, Fragrance, Song, any food, Gold, Gypsum, Iron and mud.
8. Number Noun
There are two types of number noun.
a. Singular Number:
Singular number is used to refer one item.
For Example
A pen, a book, an apple, an ant etc
b. Plural Number
The plural number is used to refer a group of two or more items.
For Example
Books, Girls, Countries, Mountains etc.
9. Verbal Noun
A noun formed from a verb by partly sharing its constructions. Verbal noun derives from a main verb.
For Example
Admit to admission, Submit to submission, decide to decision, approve to approval, educate to education and qualify to qualification.
10. Gender Specific Noun
There are *four types of Gender Specific Noun*
1. Masculine
A noun, which stands for a male gender.
For Example
Father, Brother, Horse, Bull, Cock etc
2. Feminine
A noun, which stands for a female gender.
For Example
Girl, Mother, Mare, Cow, Hen etc
3. Common
A noun, which stands for both male and female.
For Example
Teacher, Student, Doctor, Member etc
4. Neuter
A noun, which stands neither for male nor for female.
For Example
Car, Pen, Book, Table, Bed, House etc.
11. Compound Noun
A noun, which is made of two words is called compound noun.
For Example
Rain-fall, Debit-card, Identity Card, Snow-fall, Sunshine, Sunflower etc.
12. Gerund Noun
The gerund looks exactly the same as a present participle or 4th form of verb but it is useful to understand the difference between the two. The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb).
*a* . Gerund as the *subject* of the sentence:
1. Keeping tigers is dangerous.
2. Brushing your teeth is important.
3. smoking causes lung cancer.
b. The gerund as the *complement* of the verb ‘to be’
1. One of his duties is attending meetings.
2. The hardest thing about learning English is understanding the gerund.
3. One of life’s pleasures is having breakfast in bed.
*c* . The gerund *after prepositions*
1. The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition. This is also true of certain expressions ending in a prepositions, for example the expressions in spite of & there’s no point in.
1. Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?
2. She is good at painting.
3. She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road.
4. We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.
5. My father decided against postponing his trip to Dubai.
6. In spite of missing he train, we arrived on time.
*d* . The gerund *after phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs are composed of a verb + prepositions or adverb.
1. When will you give up smoking?
2. She always puts off going to the dentist.
3. He kept on asking for money.
4. Jim ended up buying a new TV after his old one broke.
*e* . The Gerund use *after “to”
There are some phrasal verbs that include the word “to” as a preposition for example “to look forward to”, “to take to”, “to be accustomed to”, “to get around to” and “to be used to”. It is important to recognize that the word “to” is a preposition in these cases because it must be followed by a gerund.
1. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
2. I look forward to it.
3. I am used to waiting for buses.
4. I am used to it.
5. She didn’t really take to studying English.
6. She didn’t really take to it.
7. When will you get around to it?
f. The gerund in *compound nouns* :
In compound nouns using the gerund, it is clear that the meaning is that of a noun, not of a continuous verb. For example with the word “swimming pool” it is not a pool that is swimming.
1. I am giving her a driving lesson.
2. They have a swimming pool in their backyard.
3. I bought some new running shoes.
*g* . The gerund *after some expressions
The gerund is necessary after the expressions can’t help, can’t stand, to be worth, and it’s no use.
1. She couldn’t help falling in love with him.
2. I can’t stand being stuck in traffic jams.
3. It’s no use trying to escape.
4. It might be worth phoning the station to check the time of the train.
Cases of Noun
There are *three* cases of nouns:
1. Subjective Case
When the noun is used as subject of the sentence.This is also called as nominative case.
For Example
1. Ali is a good boy.
2. Shaan wants to go.
In these sentences Ali and Shaan are subjective case of noun.
2. Objective Case
When the noun is used as object of the sentence. This is also called as accusative case.
For Example
1. I beat Ali.
2. She eats Mango.
In these sentences Ali and Mango are objective case of noun.
3. Possessive Case
When a noun possesses something, this is also called as genitive case.
For Example
1. This is my brother’s house.
2. She is his friend.
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